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Low-loss saturable absorbers based on tapered fibers embedded in carbon nanotube/polymer composites

机译:基于嵌入碳纳米管/聚合物复合材料中的锥形纤维的低损耗可饱和吸收器

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摘要

The emergence of low-dimensional materials has opened new opportunities in the fabrication of compact nonlinear photonic devices. Single-walled carbon nanotubes were among the first of those materials to attract the attention of the photonics community owing to their high third order susceptibility, broadband operation, and ultrafast response. Saturable absorption, in particular, has become a widespread application for nanotubes in the mode-locking of a fiber laser where they are used as nonlinear passive amplitude modulators to initiate pulsed operation. Numerous approaches have been proposed for the integration of nanotubes in fiber systems; these can be divided into those that rely on direct interaction (where the nanotubes are sandwiched between fiber connectors) and those that rely on lateral interaction with the evanescence field of the propagating wave. Tapered fibers, in particular, offer excellent flexibility to adjust the nonlinearity of nanotube-based devices but suffer from high losses (typically exceeding 50%) and poor saturable to non-saturable absorption ratios (typically above 1:5). In this paper, we propose a method to fabricate carbon nanotube saturable absorbers with controllable saturation power, low-losses (as low as 15%), and large saturable to non-saturable loss ratios approaching 1:1. This is achieved by optimizing the procedure of embedding tapered fibers in low-refractive index polymers. In addition, this study sheds light in the operation of these devices, highlighting a trade-off between losses and saturation power and providing guidelines for the design of saturable absorbers according to their application.
机译:低维材料的出现为紧凑型非线性光子器件的制造开辟了新的机遇。单壁碳纳米管由于具有较高的三阶磁化率,宽带操作性和超快响应性,因此成为最早受到光子学界关注的材料之一。尤其是,饱和吸收已成为纳米管在光纤激光器锁模中的广泛应用,其中纳米管被用作非线性无源振幅调制器以启动脉冲操作。已经提出了许多用于将纳米管集成在纤维系统中的方法。这些可以分为依靠直接相互作用的那些(其中纳米管夹在光纤连接器之间)和依靠与传播波的渐逝场的横向相互作用的那些。尤其是,锥形纤维具有出色的柔韧性,可调节基于纳米管的器件的非线性,但会遭受高损耗(通常超过50%)以及饱和至不饱和吸收比不佳(通常高于1:5)的困扰。在本文中,我们提出了一种制造碳纳米管可饱和吸收剂的方法,该吸收剂具有可控制的饱和功率,低损耗(低至15%)以及大的可饱和至非饱和损耗比,接近1:1。这是通过优化在低折射率聚合物中嵌入锥形纤维的过程来实现的。此外,这项研究揭示了这些器件的工作原理,强调了损耗与饱和功率之间的折衷,并为根据其应用设计可饱和吸收器提供了指导。

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